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#Installation
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Beego is a simple web framework, but it uses many third-party packages, so you have to install all dependency packages also.
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- Before anything you do, you have to check that you installed Go in your computer, see more detail about Go installation in my book: [Chapter 1](https://github.com/Unknwon/build-web-application-with-golang_EN/blob/master/eBook/01.1.md)
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- Use `go get ` to install Beego:
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go get github.com/astaxie/beego
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- Install bee tools for fast-develop Beego applications:
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go get github.com/astaxie/bee
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Good job, you're ready to Beego with powerful bee tools!
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Beego has following dependency packages:
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- Session module: [github.com/astaxie/beego/session](github.com/astaxie/beego/session)
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- To support redis engine: [github.com/garyburd/redigo/redis](github.com/garyburd/redigo/redis)
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- To support mysql engine: [github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql](github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql)
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- To support markdown as template function: [github.com/russross/blackfriday](github.com/russross/blackfriday)
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- [Introduction](README.md)
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- [Quick start](Quickstart.md)
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# Quick start
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Hey, you say you've never heard about Beego and don't know how to use it? Don't worry, after you read this section, you will know a lot about Beego. Before you start reading, make sure you installed Beego in your computer, if not, check this tutorial: [Installation](Install.md)
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**Navigation**
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- [Hello world](#-1)
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- [New project](#-2)
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- [Development mode](#-3)
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- [Router](#-4)
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- [Static files](#-5)
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- [Filter and middleware](#-6)
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- [Controller](#-7)
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- [Template](#-8)
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- [Handle request](#request)
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- [Redirect and error](#-15)
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- [Handle response](#response)
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- [Sessions](#sessions)
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- [Cache](#cache)
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- [Safe map](#map)
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- [Log](#-16)
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- [Configuration](#-17)
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- [Beego arguments](#-18)
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- [Integrated third-party applications](#-19)
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- [Deployment](#-20)
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## Hello world
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This is an example of "Hello world" in Beego:
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package main
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import (
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"github.com/astaxie/beego"
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)
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type MainController struct {
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beego.Controller
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}
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func (this *MainController) Get() {
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this.Ctx.WriteString("hello world")
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}
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func main() {
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beego.Router("/", &MainController{})
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beego.Run()
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}
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Save file as "hello.go", build and run it:
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$ go build main.go
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$ ./hello
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Open address [http://127.0.0.1:8080](http://127.0.0.1:8080) in your browser and you will see "hello world".
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What happened in behind above example?
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1. We import package `github.com/astaxie/beego`. As we know that Go initialize packages and runs init() function in every package(more detail [here](https://github.com/Unknwon/build-web-application-with-golang_EN/blob/master/eBook/02.3.md#main-function-and-init-function)), so Beego initializes the BeeApp application at this time.
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2. Define controller. We define a struct called `MainController` with a anonymous field `beego.Controller`, so the `MainController` has all methods that `beego.Controller` has.
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3. Define RESTful methods. Once we use anonymous combination, `MainController` has already had `Get`, `Post`, `Delete`, `Put` and other methods, these methods will be called when user sends corresponding request, like `Post` method for requests that are using POST method. Therefore, after we overloaded `Get` method in `MainController`, all GET requests will use `Get` method in `MainController` instead of in `beego.Controller`.
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4. Define main function. All applications in Go use main function as entry point as C does.
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5. Register routers, it tells Beego which controller is responsibility for specific requests. Here we register `/` for `MainController`, so all requests in `/` will be handed to `MainController`. Be aware that the first argument is the path and the second one is pointer of controller that you want to register.
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6. Run application in port 8080 as default, press `Ctrl+c` to exit.
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## New project
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Get into your $GOPATH, then use following command to setup Beego project:
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bee create hello
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It generates folders and files for your project, directory structure as follows:
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.
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├── conf
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│ └── app.conf
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├── controllers
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│ └── default.go
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├── main.go
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├── models
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├── static
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│ ├── css
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│ ├── img
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│ └── js
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└── views
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└── index.tpl
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## Development mode
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Beego uses development mode as default, you can use following code to change mode in your application:
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beego.RunMode = "pro"
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Or use configuration file in `conf/app.conf`, and input following content:
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runmode = pro
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No differences between two ways.
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In development mode, you have following effects:
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- If you don't have directory `views`, it prints following error prompt:
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2013/04/13 19:36:17 [W] [stat views: no such file or directory]
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- It doesn't cache template and reload every time.
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- If panic occurs in your server, it prints information like following screen shot:
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## Router
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路由的主要功能是实现从请求地址到实现方法，beego中封装了`Controller`，所以路由是从路径到`ControllerInterface`的过程，`ControllerInterface`的方法有如下：
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type ControllerInterface interface {
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Init(ct *Context, cn string)
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Prepare()
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Get()
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Post()
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Delete()
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Put()
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Head()
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Patch()
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Options()
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Finish()
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Render() error
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}
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这些方法`beego.Controller`都已经实现了，所以只要用户定义struct的时候匿名包含就可以了。当然更灵活的方法就是用户可以去自定义类似的方法，然后实现自己的逻辑。
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用户可以通过如下的方式进行路由设置：
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beego.Router("/", &controllers.MainController{})
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beego.Router("/admin", &admin.UserController{})
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beego.Router("/admin/index", &admin.ArticleController{})
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beego.Router("/admin/addpkg", &admin.AddController{})
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为了用户更加方便的路由设置，beego参考了sinatra的路由实现，支持多种方式的路由：
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- beego.Router("/api/:id([0-9]+)", &controllers.RController{})
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自定义正则匹配 //匹配 /api/123 :id= 123
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- beego.Router("/news/:all", &controllers.RController{})
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全匹配方式 //匹配 /news/path/to/123.html :all= path/to/123.html
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- beego.Router("/user/:username([\w]+)", &controllers.RController{})
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正则字符串匹配 //匹配 /user/astaxie :username = astaxie
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- beego.Router("/download/*.*", &controllers.RController{})
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*匹配方式 //匹配 /download/file/api.xml :path= file/api :ext=xml
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- beego.Router("/download/ceshi/*", &controllers.RController{})
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*全匹配方式 //匹配 /download/ceshi/file/api.json :splat=file/api.json
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- beego.Router("/:id:int", &controllers.RController{})
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int类型设置方式 //匹配 :id为int类型，框架帮你实现了正则([0-9]+)
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- beego.Router("/:hi:string", &controllers.RController{})
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string类型设置方式 //匹配 :hi为string类型。框架帮你实现了正则([\w]+)
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## 静态文件
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Go语言内部其实已经提供了`http.ServeFile`，通过这个函数可以实现静态文件的服务。beego针对这个功能进行了一层封装，通过下面的方式进行静态文件注册：
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beego.SetStaticPath("/static","public")
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- 第一个参数是路径，url路径信息
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- 第二个参数是静态文件目录（相对应用所在的目录）
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beego支持多个目录的静态文件注册，用户可以注册如下的静态文件目录：
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beego.SetStaticPath("/images","images")
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beego.SetStaticPath("/css","css")
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beego.SetStaticPath("/js","js")
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设置了如上的静态目录之后，用户访问`/images/login/login.png`，那么就会访问应用对应的目录下面的`images/login/login.png`文件。如果是访问`/static/img/logo.png`，那么就访问`public/img/logo.png`文件。
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## 过滤和中间件
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beego支持自定义过滤中间件，例如安全验证，强制跳转等
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如下例子所示，验证用户名是否是admin，应用于全部的请求：
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var FilterUser = func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
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if r.URL.User == nil || r.URL.User.Username() != "admin" {
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http.Error(w, "", http.StatusUnauthorized)
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}
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}
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beego.Filter(FilterUser)
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还可以通过参数进行过滤，如果匹配参数就执行
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beego.Router("/:id([0-9]+)", &admin.EditController{})
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beego.FilterParam("id", func(rw http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
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dosomething()
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})
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当然你还可以通过前缀过滤
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beego.FilterPrefixPath("/admin", func(rw http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
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dosomething()
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})
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## 控制器设计
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基于beego的Controller设计，只需要匿名组合`beego.Controller`就可以了，如下所示：
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type xxxController struct {
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beego.Controller
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}
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`beego.Controller`实现了接口`beego.ControllerInterface`，`beego.ControllerInterface`定义了如下函数：
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- Init(ct *Context, cn string)
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这个函数主要初始化了Context、相应的Controller名称，模板名，初始化模板参数的容器Data
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- Prepare()
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这个函数主要是为了用户扩展用的，这个函数会在下面定义的这些Method方法之前执行，用户可以重写这个函数实现类似用户验证之类。
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- Get()
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如果用户请求的HTTP Method是GET, 那么就执行该函数，默认是403，用户继承的子struct中可以实现了该方法以处理Get请求.
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- Post()
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如果用户请求的HTTP Method是POST, 那么就执行该函数，默认是403，用户继承的子struct中可以实现了该方法以处理Post请求.
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- Delete()
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如果用户请求的HTTP Method是DELETE, 那么就执行该函数，默认是403，用户继承的子struct中可以实现了该方法以处理Delete请求.
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- Put()
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如果用户请求的HTTP Method是PUT, 那么就执行该函数，默认是403，用户继承的子struct中可以实现了该方法以处理Put请求.
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- Head()
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如果用户请求的HTTP Method是HEAD, 那么就执行该函数，默认是403，用户继承的子struct中可以实现了该方法以处理Head请求.
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- Patch()
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如果用户请求的HTTP Method是PATCH, 那么就执行该函数，默认是403，用户继承的子struct中可以实现了该方法以处理Patch请求.
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- Options()
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如果用户请求的HTTP Method是OPTIONS, 那么就执行该函数，默认是403，用户继承的子struct中可以实现了该方法以处理Options请求.
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- Finish()
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这个函数实在执行完相应的http Method方法之后执行的，默认是空，用户可以在子Strcut中重写这个函数，执行例如数据库关闭，清理数据之类的工作
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- Render() error
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这个函数主要用来实现渲染模板，如果beego.AutoRender为true的情况下才会执行。
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所以通过子struct的方法重写，用户就可以实现自己的逻辑，接下来我们看一个实际的例子：
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type AddController struct {
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beego.Controller
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}
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func (this *AddController) Prepare() {
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}
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func (this *AddController) Get() {
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this.Data["content"] ="value"
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this.Layout = "admin/layout.html"
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this.TplNames = "admin/add.tpl"
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}
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func (this *AddController) Post() {
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pkgname := this.GetString("pkgname")
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content := this.GetString("content")
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pk := models.GetCruPkg(pkgname)
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if pk.Id == 0 {
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var pp models.PkgEntity
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pp.Pid = 0
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pp.Pathname = pkgname
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pp.Intro = pkgname
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models.InsertPkg(pp)
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pk = models.GetCruPkg(pkgname)
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}
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var at models.Article
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at.Pkgid = pk.Id
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at.Content = content
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models.InsertArticle(at)
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this.Ctx.Redirect(302, "/admin/index")
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}
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## 模板处理
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### 模板目录
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beego中默认的模板目录是`views`，用户可以把你的模板文件放到该目录下，beego会自动在该目录下的所有模板文件进行解析并缓存，开发模式下会每次重新解析，不做缓存。当然用户可以通过如下的方式改变模板的目录：
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beego.ViewsPath = "/myviewpath"
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### 自动渲染
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beego中用户无需手动的调用渲染输出模板，beego会自动的在调用玩相应的method方法之后调用Render函数，当然如果你的应用是不需要模板输出的，那么你可以在配置文件或者在main.go中设置关闭自动渲染。
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配置文件配置如下：
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autorender = false
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main.go文件中设置如下：
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|
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beego.AutoRender = false
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### 模板数据
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模板中的数据是通过在Controller中`this.Data`获取的，所以如果你想在模板中获取内容`{{.Content}}`,那么你需要在Controller中如下设置：
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this.Data["Context"] = "value"
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### 模板名称
|
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beego采用了Go语言内置的模板引擎，所有模板的语法和Go的一模一样，至于如何写模板文件，详细的请参考[模板教程](https://github.com/astaxie/build-web-application-with-golang/blob/master/ebook/07.4.md)。
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|
||||
用户通过在Controller的对应方法中设置相应的模板名称，beego会自动的在viewpath目录下查询该文件并渲染，例如下面的设置，beego会在admin下面找add.tpl文件进行渲染：
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this.TplNames = "admin/add.tpl"
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|
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我们看到上面的模板后缀名是tpl，beego默认情况下支持tpl和html后缀名的模板文件，如果你的后缀名不是这两种，请进行如下设置：
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beego.AddTemplateExt("你文件的后缀名")
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当你设置了自动渲染，然后在你的Controller中没有设置任何的TplNames，那么beego会自动设置你的模板文件如下：
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|
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c.TplNames = c.ChildName + "/" + c.Ctx.Request.Method + "." + c.TplExt
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|
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也就是你对应的Controller名字+请求方法名.模板后缀，也就是如果你的Controller名是`AddController`，请求方法是`POST`，默认的文件后缀是`tpl`，那么就会默认请求`/viewpath/AddController/POST.tpl`文件。
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### lauout设计
|
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beego支持layout设计，例如你在管理系统中，其实整个的管理界面是固定的，支会变化中间的部分，那么你可以通过如下的设置：
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|
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this.Layout = "admin/layout.html"
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this.TplNames = "admin/add.tpl"
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|
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在layout.html中你必须设置如下的变量：
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|
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{{.LayoutContent}}
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|
||||
beego就会首先解析TplNames指定的文件，获取内容赋值给LayoutContent，然后最后渲染layout.html文件。
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|
||||
目前采用首先把目录下所有的文件进行缓存，所以用户还可以通过类似这样的方式实现layout：
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|
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{{template "header.html"}}
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||||
处理逻辑
|
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{{template "footer.html"}}
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||||
### 模板函数
|
||||
beego支持用户定义模板函数，但是必须在`beego.Run()`调用之前，设置如下：
|
||||
|
||||
func hello(in string)(out string){
|
||||
out = in + "world"
|
||||
return
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
beego.AddFuncMap("hi",hello)
|
||||
|
||||
定义之后你就可以在模板中这样使用了：
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||||
|
||||
{{.Content | hi}}
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||||
|
||||
目前beego内置的模板函数有如下：
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||||
|
||||
* markdown
|
||||
|
||||
实现了把markdown文本转化为html信息，使用方法{{markdown .Content}}
|
||||
* dateformat
|
||||
|
||||
实现了时间的格式化，返回字符串，使用方法{{dateformat .Time "2006-01-02T15:04:05Z07:00"}}
|
||||
* date
|
||||
|
||||
实现了类似PHP的date函数，可以很方便的根据字符串返回时间，使用方法{{date .T "Y-m-d H:i:s"}}
|
||||
* compare
|
||||
|
||||
实现了比较两个对象的比较，如果相同返回true，否者false，使用方法{{compare .A .B}}
|
||||
* substr
|
||||
|
||||
实现了字符串的截取，支持中文截取的完美截取，使用方法{{substr .Str 0 30}}
|
||||
* html2str
|
||||
|
||||
实现了把html转化为字符串，剔除一些script、css之类的元素，返回纯文本信息，使用方法{{html2str .Htmlinfo}}
|
||||
* str2html
|
||||
|
||||
实现了把相应的字符串当作HTML来输出，不转义，使用方法{{str2html .Strhtml}}
|
||||
* htmlquote
|
||||
|
||||
实现了基本的html字符转义，使用方法{{htmlquote .quote}}
|
||||
* htmlunquote
|
||||
|
||||
实现了基本的反转移字符，使用方法{{htmlunquote .unquote}}
|
||||
|
||||
## request处理
|
||||
我们经常需要获取用户传递的数据，包括Get、POST等方式的请求，beego里面会自动解析这些数据，你可以通过如下方式获取数据
|
||||
|
||||
- GetString(key string) string
|
||||
- GetInt(key string) (int64, error)
|
||||
- GetBool(key string) (bool, error)
|
||||
|
||||
使用例子如下：
|
||||
|
||||
func (this *MainController) Post() {
|
||||
jsoninfo := this.GetString("jsoninfo")
|
||||
if jsoninfo == "" {
|
||||
this.Ctx.WriteString("jsoninfo is empty")
|
||||
return
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
如果你需要的数据可能是其他类型的，例如是int类型而不是int64，那么你需要这样处理：
|
||||
|
||||
func (this *MainController) Post() {
|
||||
id := this.Input().Get("id")
|
||||
intid, err := strconv.Atoi(id)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
更多其他的request的信息，用户可以通过`this.Ctx.Request`获取信息，关于该对象的属性和方法参考手册[Request](http://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#Request)
|
||||
|
||||
### 文件上传
|
||||
在beego中你可以很容易的处理文件上传，就是别忘记在你的form表单中增加这个属性`enctype="multipart/form-data"`，否者你的浏览器不会传输你的上传文件。
|
||||
|
||||
文件上传之后一般是放在系统的内存里面，如果文件的size大于设置的缓存内存大小，那么就放在临时文件中，默认的缓存内存是64M，你可以通过如下来调整这个缓存内存大小:
|
||||
|
||||
beego.MaxMemory = 1<<22
|
||||
|
||||
或者在配置文件中通过如下设置
|
||||
|
||||
maxmemory = 1<<22
|
||||
|
||||
beego提供了两个很方便的方法来处理文件上传：
|
||||
|
||||
- GetFile(key string) (multipart.File, *multipart.FileHeader, error)
|
||||
|
||||
该方法主要用于用户读取表单中的文件名`the_file`，然后返回相应的信息，用户根据这些变量来处理文件上传：过滤、保存文件等。
|
||||
|
||||
- SaveToFile(fromfile, tofile string) error
|
||||
|
||||
该方法是在GetFile的基础上实现了快速保存的功能
|
||||
|
||||
保存的代码例子如下：
|
||||
|
||||
func (this *MainController) Post() {
|
||||
this.SaveToFile("the_file","/var/www/uploads/uploaded_file.txt"")
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
### JSON和XML输出
|
||||
beego当初设计的时候就考虑了API功能的设计，而我们在设计API的时候经常是输出JSON或者XML数据，那么beego提供了这样的方式直接输出：
|
||||
|
||||
JSON数据直接输出，设置`content-type`为`application/json`：
|
||||
|
||||
func (this *AddController) Get() {
|
||||
mystruct := { ... }
|
||||
this.Data["json"] = &mystruct
|
||||
this.ServeJson()
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
XML数据直接输出，设置`content-type`为`application/xml`：
|
||||
|
||||
func (this *AddController) Get() {
|
||||
mystruct := { ... }
|
||||
this.Data["xml"]=&mystruct
|
||||
this.ServeXml()
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
## 跳转和错误
|
||||
我们在做Web开发的时候，经常会遇到页面调整和错误处理，beego这这方面也进行了考虑，通过`Redirect`方法来进行跳转：
|
||||
|
||||
func (this *AddController) Get() {
|
||||
this.Redirect("/", 302)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@todo 错误处理还需要后期改进
|
||||
|
||||
## response处理
|
||||
response可能会有集中情况：
|
||||
|
||||
1. 模板输出
|
||||
|
||||
模板输出上面模板介绍里面已经介绍，beego会在执行完相应的Controller里面的对应的Method之后输出到模板。
|
||||
|
||||
2. 跳转
|
||||
|
||||
上一节介绍的跳转就是我们经常用到的页面之间的跳转
|
||||
|
||||
3. 字符串输出
|
||||
|
||||
有些时候我们只是想输出相应的一个字符串，那么我们可以通过如下的代码实现
|
||||
|
||||
this.Ctx.WriteString("ok")
|
||||
|
||||
## Sessions
|
||||
beego内置了session模块，目前session模块支持的后端引擎包括memory、file、mysql、redis四中，用户也可以根据相应的interface实现自己的引擎。
|
||||
|
||||
beego中使用session相当方便，只要在main入口函数中设置如下：
|
||||
|
||||
beego.SessionOn = true
|
||||
|
||||
或者通过配置文件配置如下：
|
||||
|
||||
sessionon = true
|
||||
|
||||
通过这种方式就可以开启session，如何使用session，请看下面的例子：
|
||||
|
||||
func (this *MainController) Get() {
|
||||
v := this.GetSession("asta")
|
||||
if v == nil {
|
||||
this.SetSession("asta", int(1))
|
||||
this.Data["num"] = 0
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
this.SetSession("asta", v.(int)+1)
|
||||
this.Data["num"] = v.(int)
|
||||
}
|
||||
this.TplNames = "index.tpl"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
上面的例子中我们知道session有几个方便的方法：
|
||||
|
||||
- SetSession(name string, value interface{})
|
||||
- GetSession(name string) interface{}
|
||||
- DelSession(name string)
|
||||
|
||||
session操作主要有设置session、获取session、删除session
|
||||
|
||||
当然你要可以通过下面的方式自己控制相应的逻辑这些逻辑：
|
||||
|
||||
sess:=this.StartSession()
|
||||
defer sess.SessionRelease()
|
||||
|
||||
sess对象具有如下方法：
|
||||
|
||||
* sess.Set()
|
||||
* sess.Get()
|
||||
* sess.Delete()
|
||||
* sess.SessionID()
|
||||
|
||||
但是我还是建议大家采用SetSession、GetSession、DelSession三个方法来操作，避免自己在操作的过程中资源没释放的问题。
|
||||
|
||||
关于Session模块使用中的一些参数设置：
|
||||
|
||||
- SessionOn
|
||||
|
||||
设置是否开启Session，默认是false，配置文件对应的参数名：sessionon
|
||||
|
||||
- SessionProvider
|
||||
|
||||
设置Session的引擎，默认是memory，目前支持还有file、mysql、redis等，配置文件对应的参数名：sessionprovider
|
||||
|
||||
- SessionName
|
||||
|
||||
设置cookies的名字，Session默认是保存在用户的浏览器cookies里面的，默认名是beegosessionID，配置文件对应的参数名是：sessionname
|
||||
|
||||
- SessionGCMaxLifetime
|
||||
|
||||
设置Session过期的时间，默认值是3600秒，配置文件对应的参数：sessiongcmaxlifetime
|
||||
|
||||
- SessionSavePath
|
||||
|
||||
设置对应file、mysql、redis引擎的保存路径或者链接地址，默认值是空，配置文件对应的参数：sessionsavepath
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
当SessionProvider为file时，SessionSavePath是只保存文件的目录，如下所示：
|
||||
|
||||
beego.SessionProvider = "file"
|
||||
beego.SessionSavePath = "./tmp"
|
||||
|
||||
当SessionProvider为mysql时，SessionSavePath是链接地址，采用[go-sql-driver](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql)，如下所示：
|
||||
|
||||
beego.SessionProvider = "mysql"
|
||||
beego.SessionSavePath = "username:password@protocol(address)/dbname?param=value"
|
||||
|
||||
当SessionProvider为redis时，SessionSavePath是redis的链接地址，采用了[redigo](https://github.com/garyburd/redigo)，如下所示：
|
||||
|
||||
beego.SessionProvider = "redis"
|
||||
beego.SessionSavePath = "127.0.0.1:6379"
|
||||
|
||||
## Cache设置
|
||||
beego内置了一个cache模块，实现了类似memcache的功能，缓存数据在内存中，主要的使用方法如下：
|
||||
|
||||
var (
|
||||
urllist *beego.BeeCache
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func init() {
|
||||
urllist = beego.NewBeeCache()
|
||||
urllist.Every = 0 //不过期
|
||||
urllist.Start()
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func (this *ShortController) Post() {
|
||||
var result ShortResult
|
||||
longurl := this.Input().Get("longurl")
|
||||
beego.Info(longurl)
|
||||
result.UrlLong = longurl
|
||||
urlmd5 := models.GetMD5(longurl)
|
||||
beego.Info(urlmd5)
|
||||
if urllist.IsExist(urlmd5) {
|
||||
result.UrlShort = urllist.Get(urlmd5).(string)
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
result.UrlShort = models.Generate()
|
||||
err := urllist.Put(urlmd5, result.UrlShort, 0)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
beego.Info(err)
|
||||
}
|
||||
err = urllist.Put(result.UrlShort, longurl, 0)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
beego.Info(err)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
this.Data["json"] = result
|
||||
this.ServeJson()
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
上面这个例子演示了如何使用beego的Cache模块，主要是通过`beego.NewBeeCache`初始化一个对象，然后设置过期时间，开启过期检测，在业务逻辑中就可以通过如下的接口进行增删改的操作：
|
||||
|
||||
- Get(name string) interface{}
|
||||
- Put(name string, value interface{}, expired int) error
|
||||
- Delete(name string) (ok bool, err error)
|
||||
- IsExist(name string) bool
|
||||
|
||||
## 安全的Map
|
||||
我们知道在Go语言里面map是非线程安全的，详细的[atomic_maps](http://golang.org/doc/faq#atomic_maps)。但是我们在平常的业务中经常需要用到线程安全的map，特别是在goroutine的情况下，所以beego内置了一个简单的线程安全的map：
|
||||
|
||||
bm := NewBeeMap()
|
||||
if !bm.Set("astaxie", 1) {
|
||||
t.Error("set Error")
|
||||
}
|
||||
if !bm.Check("astaxie") {
|
||||
t.Error("check err")
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
if v := bm.Get("astaxie"); v.(int) != 1 {
|
||||
t.Error("get err")
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
bm.Delete("astaxie")
|
||||
if bm.Check("astaxie") {
|
||||
t.Error("delete err")
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
上面演示了如何使用线程安全的Map，主要的接口有：
|
||||
|
||||
- Get(k interface{}) interface{}
|
||||
- Set(k interface{}, v interface{}) bool
|
||||
- Check(k interface{}) bool
|
||||
- Delete(k interface{})
|
||||
|
||||
## 日志处理
|
||||
beego默认有一个初始化的BeeLogger对象输出内容到stdout中，你可以通过如下的方式设置自己的输出：
|
||||
|
||||
beego.SetLogger(*log.Logger)
|
||||
|
||||
只要你的输出符合`*log.Logger`就可以，例如输出到文件：
|
||||
|
||||
fd,err := os.OpenFile("/var/log/beeapp/beeapp.log", os.O_RDWR|os.O_APPEND, 0644)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
beego.Critical("openfile beeapp.log:", err)
|
||||
return
|
||||
}
|
||||
lg := log.New(fd, "", log.Ldate|log.Ltime)
|
||||
beego.SetLogger(lg)
|
||||
### 不同级别的log日志函数
|
||||
|
||||
* Trace(v ...interface{})
|
||||
* Debug(v ...interface{})
|
||||
* Info(v ...interface{})
|
||||
* Warn(v ...interface{})
|
||||
* Error(v ...interface{})
|
||||
* Critical(v ...interface{})
|
||||
|
||||
你可以通过下面的方式设置不同的日志分级：
|
||||
|
||||
beego.SetLevel(beego.LevelError)
|
||||
|
||||
当你代码中有很多日志输出之后，如果想上线，但是你不想输出Trace、Debug、Info等信息，那么你可以设置如下：
|
||||
|
||||
beego.SetLevel(beego.LevelWarning)
|
||||
|
||||
这样的话就不会输出小于这个level的日志，日志的排序如下：
|
||||
|
||||
LevelTrace、LevelDebug、LevelInfo、LevelWarning、 LevelError、LevelCritical
|
||||
|
||||
用户可以根据不同的级别输出不同的错误信息，如下例子所示：
|
||||
|
||||
### Examples of log messages
|
||||
- Trace
|
||||
|
||||
* "Entered parse function validation block"
|
||||
* "Validation: entered second 'if'"
|
||||
* "Dictionary 'Dict' is empty. Using default value"
|
||||
- Debug
|
||||
|
||||
* "Web page requested: http://somesite.com Params='...'"
|
||||
* "Response generated. Response size: 10000. Sending."
|
||||
* "New file received. Type:PNG Size:20000"
|
||||
- Info
|
||||
* "Web server restarted"
|
||||
* "Hourly statistics: Requested pages: 12345 Errors: 123 ..."
|
||||
* "Service paused. Waiting for 'resume' call"
|
||||
- Warn
|
||||
* "Cache corrupted for file='test.file'. Reading from back-end"
|
||||
* "Database 192.168.0.7/DB not responding. Using backup 192.168.0.8/DB"
|
||||
* "No response from statistics server. Statistics not sent"
|
||||
- Error
|
||||
* "Internal error. Cannot process request #12345 Error:...."
|
||||
* "Cannot perform login: credentials DB not responding"
|
||||
- Critical
|
||||
* "Critical panic received: .... Shutting down"
|
||||
* "Fatal error: ... App is shutting down to prevent data corruption or loss"
|
||||
|
||||
### Example
|
||||
|
||||
func internalCalculationFunc(x, y int) (result int, err error) {
|
||||
beego.Debug("calculating z. x:",x," y:",y)
|
||||
z := y
|
||||
switch {
|
||||
case x == 3 :
|
||||
beego.Trace("x == 3")
|
||||
panic("Failure.")
|
||||
case y == 1 :
|
||||
beego.Trace("y == 1")
|
||||
return 0, errors.New("Error!")
|
||||
case y == 2 :
|
||||
beego.Trace("y == 2")
|
||||
z = x
|
||||
default :
|
||||
beego.Trace("default")
|
||||
z += x
|
||||
}
|
||||
retVal := z-3
|
||||
beego.Debug("Returning ", retVal)
|
||||
|
||||
return retVal, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func processInput(input inputData) {
|
||||
defer func() {
|
||||
if r := recover(); r != nil {
|
||||
beego.Error("Unexpected error occurred: ", r)
|
||||
outputs <- outputData{result : 0, error : true}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}()
|
||||
beego.Info("Received input signal. x:",input.x," y:", input.y)
|
||||
|
||||
res, err := internalCalculationFunc(input.x, input.y)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
beego.Warn("Error in calculation:", err.Error())
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
beego.Info("Returning result: ",res," error: ",err)
|
||||
outputs <- outputData{result : res, error : err != nil}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
inputs = make(chan inputData)
|
||||
outputs = make(chan outputData)
|
||||
criticalChan = make(chan int)
|
||||
beego.Info("App started.")
|
||||
|
||||
go consumeResults(outputs)
|
||||
beego.Info("Started receiving results.")
|
||||
|
||||
go generateInputs(inputs)
|
||||
beego.Info("Started sending signals.")
|
||||
|
||||
for {
|
||||
select {
|
||||
case input := <- inputs:
|
||||
processInput(input)
|
||||
case <- criticalChan:
|
||||
beego.Critical("Caught value from criticalChan: Go shut down.")
|
||||
panic("Shut down due to critical fault.")
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
## 配置管理
|
||||
beego支持解析ini文件, beego默认会解析当前应用下的`conf/app.conf`文件
|
||||
|
||||
通过这个文件你可以初始化很多beego的默认参数
|
||||
|
||||
appname = beepkg
|
||||
httpaddr = "127.0.0.1"
|
||||
httpport = 9090
|
||||
runmode ="dev"
|
||||
autorender = false
|
||||
autorecover = false
|
||||
viewspath = "myview"
|
||||
|
||||
上面这些参数会替换beego默认的一些参数。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在配置文件中配置应用需要用的一些配置信息，例如下面所示的数据库信息：
|
||||
|
||||
mysqluser = "root"
|
||||
mysqlpass = "rootpass"
|
||||
mysqlurls = "127.0.0.1"
|
||||
mysqldb = "beego"
|
||||
|
||||
那么你就可以通过如下的方式获取设置的配置信息:
|
||||
|
||||
beego.AppConfig.String("mysqluser")
|
||||
beego.AppConfig.String("mysqlpass")
|
||||
beego.AppConfig.String("mysqlurls")
|
||||
beego.AppConfig.String("mysqldb")
|
||||
|
||||
AppConfig支持如下方法
|
||||
|
||||
- Bool(key string) (bool, error)
|
||||
- Int(key string) (int, error)
|
||||
- Int64(key string) (int64, error)
|
||||
- Float(key string) (float64, error)
|
||||
- String(key string) string
|
||||
|
||||
## 系统默认参数
|
||||
beego中带有很多可配置的参数，我们来一一认识一下它们，这样有利于我们在接下来的beego开发中可以充分的发挥他们的作用：
|
||||
|
||||
* BeeApp
|
||||
|
||||
beego默认启动的一个应用器入口，在应用import beego的时候，在init中已经初始化的。
|
||||
|
||||
* AppConfig
|
||||
|
||||
beego的配置文件解析之后的对象，也是在init的时候初始化的，里面保存有解析`conf/app.conf`下面所有的参数数据
|
||||
|
||||
* HttpAddr
|
||||
|
||||
应用监听地址，默认为空，监听所有的网卡IP
|
||||
|
||||
* HttpPort
|
||||
|
||||
应用监听端口，默认为8080
|
||||
|
||||
* AppName
|
||||
|
||||
应用名称，默认是beego
|
||||
|
||||
* RunMode
|
||||
|
||||
应用的模式，默认是dev，为开发模式，在开发模式下出错会提示友好的出错页面，如前面错误描述中所述。
|
||||
|
||||
* AutoRender
|
||||
|
||||
是否模板自动渲染，默认值为true，对于API类型的应用，应用需要把该选项设置为false，不需要渲染模板。
|
||||
|
||||
* RecoverPanic
|
||||
|
||||
是否异常恢复，默认值为true，即当应用出现异常的情况，通过recover恢复回来，而不会导致应用异常退出。
|
||||
|
||||
* PprofOn
|
||||
|
||||
是否启用pprof，默认是false，当开启之后，用户可以通过如下地址查看相应的goroutine执行情况
|
||||
|
||||
/debug/pprof
|
||||
/debug/pprof/cmdline
|
||||
/debug/pprof/profile
|
||||
/debug/pprof/symbol
|
||||
关于pprof的信息，请参考官方的描述[pprof](http://golang.org/pkg/net/http/pprof/)
|
||||
|
||||
* ViewsPath
|
||||
|
||||
模板路径，默认值是views
|
||||
|
||||
* SessionOn
|
||||
|
||||
session是否开启，默认是false
|
||||
|
||||
* SessionProvider
|
||||
|
||||
session的引擎，默认是memory
|
||||
|
||||
* SessionName
|
||||
|
||||
存在客户端的cookie名称，默认值是beegosessionID
|
||||
|
||||
* SessionGCMaxLifetime
|
||||
|
||||
session过期时间，默认值是3600秒
|
||||
|
||||
* SessionSavePath
|
||||
|
||||
session保存路径，默认是空
|
||||
|
||||
* UseFcgi
|
||||
|
||||
是否启用fastcgi，默认是false
|
||||
|
||||
* MaxMemory
|
||||
|
||||
文件上传默认内存缓存大小，默认值是`1 << 26`(64M)
|
||||
|
||||
## 第三方应用集成
|
||||
beego支持第三方应用的集成，用户可以自定义`http.Handler`,用户可以通过如下方式进行注册路由：
|
||||
|
||||
beego.RouterHandler("/chat/:info(.*)", sockjshandler)
|
||||
|
||||
sockjshandler实现了接口`http.Handler`。
|
||||
|
||||
目前在beego的example中有支持sockjs的chat例子，示例代码如下：
|
||||
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
"github.com/astaxie/beego"
|
||||
"github.com/fzzy/sockjs-go/sockjs"
|
||||
"strings"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
var users *sockjs.SessionPool = sockjs.NewSessionPool()
|
||||
|
||||
func chatHandler(s sockjs.Session) {
|
||||
users.Add(s)
|
||||
defer users.Remove(s)
|
||||
|
||||
for {
|
||||
m := s.Receive()
|
||||
if m == nil {
|
||||
break
|
||||
}
|
||||
fullAddr := s.Info().RemoteAddr
|
||||
addr := fullAddr[:strings.LastIndex(fullAddr, ":")]
|
||||
m = []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", addr, m))
|
||||
users.Broadcast(m)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type MainController struct {
|
||||
beego.Controller
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func (m *MainController) Get() {
|
||||
m.TplNames = "index.html"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
conf := sockjs.NewConfig()
|
||||
sockjshandler := sockjs.NewHandler("/chat", chatHandler, conf)
|
||||
beego.Router("/", &MainController{})
|
||||
beego.RouterHandler("/chat/:info(.*)", sockjshandler)
|
||||
beego.Run()
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
通过上面的代码很简单的实现了一个多人的聊天室。上面这个只是一个sockjs的例子，我想通过大家自定义`http.Handler`，可以有很多种方式来进行扩展beego应用。
|
||||
|
||||
## 部署编译应用
|
||||
Go语言的应用最后编译之后是一个二进制文件，你只需要copy这个应用到服务器上，运行起来就行。beego由于带有几个静态文件、配置文件、模板文件三个目录，所以用户部署的时候需要同时copy这三个目录到相应的部署应用之下，下面以我实际的应用部署为例：
|
||||
|
||||
$ mkdir /opt/app/beepkg
|
||||
$ cp beepkg /opt/app/beepkg
|
||||
$ cp -fr views /opt/app/beepkg
|
||||
$ cp -fr static /opt/app/beepkg
|
||||
$ cp -fr conf /opt/app/beepkg
|
||||
|
||||
这样在`/opt/app/beepkg`目录下面就会显示如下的目录结构：
|
||||
|
||||
.
|
||||
├── conf
|
||||
│ ├── app.conf
|
||||
├── static
|
||||
│ ├── css
|
||||
│ ├── img
|
||||
│ └── js
|
||||
└── views
|
||||
└── index.tpl
|
||||
├── beepkg
|
||||
|
||||
这样我们就已经把我们需要的应用搬到服务器了，那么接下来就可以开始部署了，我现在服务器端用两种方式来run，
|
||||
|
||||
- Supervisord
|
||||
|
||||
安装和配置见[Supervisord](Supervisord.md)
|
||||
|
||||
- nohup方式
|
||||
|
||||
nohup ./beepkg &
|
||||
|
||||
个人比较推荐第一种方式，可以很好的管理起来应用
|
||||
|
||||
- [Introduction](README.md)
|
||||
- [Step by step](Tutorial.md)
|
||||
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Remember when I was writing the book about how to build web applications with Go
|
||||
I used to use CI in PHP and tornado in Python, there are both lightweight, so they has following advantages:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Save time for handling general problems, I only need to care about logic part.
|
||||
2. Learn more languages by studying their source code, it's not hard to read and understand them because they are both lightweight frameworks.
|
||||
2. Learn more about languages by studying their source code, it's not hard to read and understand them because they are both lightweight frameworks.
|
||||
3. It's quite easy to make secondary development of these frameworks for specific purposes.
|
||||
|
||||
Those reasons are my original intention of implementing Beego, and used two chapters in my book to introduce and design this lightweight web framework in GO.
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user