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387 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
# Go-MySQL-Driver
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A MySQL-Driver for Go's [database/sql](http://golang.org/pkg/database/sql) package
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**Latest stable Release:** [Version 1.2 (June 03, 2014)](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql/releases)
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[](https://travis-ci.org/go-sql-driver/mysql)
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---------------------------------------
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* [Features](#features)
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* [Requirements](#requirements)
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* [Installation](#installation)
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* [Usage](#usage)
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* [DSN (Data Source Name)](#dsn-data-source-name)
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* [Password](#password)
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* [Protocol](#protocol)
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* [Address](#address)
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* [Parameters](#parameters)
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* [Examples](#examples)
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* [LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE support](#load-data-local-infile-support)
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* [time.Time support](#timetime-support)
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* [Unicode support](#unicode-support)
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* [Testing / Development](#testing--development)
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* [License](#license)
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---------------------------------------
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## Features
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* Lightweight and [fast](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/sql-benchmark "golang MySQL-Driver performance")
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* Native Go implementation. No C-bindings, just pure Go
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* Connections over TCP/IPv4, TCP/IPv6, Unix domain sockets or [custom protocols](http://godoc.org/github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql#DialFunc)
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* Automatic handling of broken connections
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* Automatic Connection Pooling *(by database/sql package)*
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* Supports queries larger than 16MB
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* Full [`sql.RawBytes`](http://golang.org/pkg/database/sql/#RawBytes) support.
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* Intelligent `LONG DATA` handling in prepared statements
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* Secure `LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE` support with file Whitelisting and `io.Reader` support
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* Optional `time.Time` parsing
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* Optional placeholder interpolation
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## Requirements
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* Go 1.2 or higher
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* MySQL (4.1+), MariaDB, Percona Server, Google CloudSQL or Sphinx (2.2.3+)
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---------------------------------------
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## Installation
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Simple install the package to your [$GOPATH](http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki/GOPATH "GOPATH") with the [go tool](http://golang.org/cmd/go/ "go command") from shell:
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```bash
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$ go get github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
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```
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Make sure [Git is installed](http://git-scm.com/downloads) on your machine and in your system's `PATH`.
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## Usage
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_Go MySQL Driver_ is an implementation of Go's `database/sql/driver` interface. You only need to import the driver and can use the full [`database/sql`](http://golang.org/pkg/database/sql) API then.
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Use `mysql` as `driverName` and a valid [DSN](#dsn-data-source-name) as `dataSourceName`:
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```go
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import "database/sql"
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import _ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
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db, err := sql.Open("mysql", "user:password@/dbname")
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```
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[Examples are available in our Wiki](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql/wiki/Examples "Go-MySQL-Driver Examples").
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### DSN (Data Source Name)
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The Data Source Name has a common format, like e.g. [PEAR DB](http://pear.php.net/manual/en/package.database.db.intro-dsn.php) uses it, but without type-prefix (optional parts marked by squared brackets):
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```
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[username[:password]@][protocol[(address)]]/dbname[?param1=value1&...¶mN=valueN]
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```
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A DSN in its fullest form:
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```
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username:password@protocol(address)/dbname?param=value
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```
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Except for the databasename, all values are optional. So the minimal DSN is:
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```
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/dbname
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```
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If you do not want to preselect a database, leave `dbname` empty:
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```
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/
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```
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This has the same effect as an empty DSN string:
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```
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```
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#### Password
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Passwords can consist of any character. Escaping is **not** necessary.
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#### Protocol
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See [net.Dial](http://golang.org/pkg/net/#Dial) for more information which networks are available.
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In general you should use an Unix domain socket if available and TCP otherwise for best performance.
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#### Address
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For TCP and UDP networks, addresses have the form `host:port`.
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If `host` is a literal IPv6 address, it must be enclosed in square brackets.
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The functions [net.JoinHostPort](http://golang.org/pkg/net/#JoinHostPort) and [net.SplitHostPort](http://golang.org/pkg/net/#SplitHostPort) manipulate addresses in this form.
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For Unix domain sockets the address is the absolute path to the MySQL-Server-socket, e.g. `/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock` or `/tmp/mysql.sock`.
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#### Parameters
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*Parameters are case-sensitive!*
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Notice that any of `true`, `TRUE`, `True` or `1` is accepted to stand for a true boolean value. Not surprisingly, false can be specified as any of: `false`, `FALSE`, `False` or `0`.
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##### `allowAllFiles`
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```
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Type: bool
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Valid Values: true, false
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Default: false
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```
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`allowAllFiles=true` disables the file Whitelist for `LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE` and allows *all* files.
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[*Might be insecure!*](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/load-data-local.html)
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##### `allowCleartextPasswords`
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```
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Type: bool
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Valid Values: true, false
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Default: false
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```
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`allowCleartextPasswords=true` allows using the [cleartext client side plugin](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/en/cleartext-authentication-plugin.html) if required by an account, such as one defined with the [PAM authentication plugin](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/en/pam-authentication-plugin.html). Sending passwords in clear text may be a security problem in some configurations. To avoid problems if there is any possibility that the password would be intercepted, clients should connect to MySQL Server using a method that protects the password. Possibilities include [TLS / SSL](#tls), IPsec, or a private network.
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##### `allowOldPasswords`
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```
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Type: bool
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Valid Values: true, false
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Default: false
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```
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`allowOldPasswords=true` allows the usage of the insecure old password method. This should be avoided, but is necessary in some cases. See also [the old_passwords wiki page](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql/wiki/old_passwords).
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##### `charset`
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```
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Type: string
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Valid Values: <name>
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Default: none
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```
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Sets the charset used for client-server interaction (`"SET NAMES <value>"`). If multiple charsets are set (separated by a comma), the following charset is used if setting the charset failes. This enables for example support for `utf8mb4` ([introduced in MySQL 5.5.3](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/charset-unicode-utf8mb4.html)) with fallback to `utf8` for older servers (`charset=utf8mb4,utf8`).
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Usage of the `charset` parameter is discouraged because it issues additional queries to the server.
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Unless you need the fallback behavior, please use `collation` instead.
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##### `collation`
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```
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Type: string
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Valid Values: <name>
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Default: utf8_general_ci
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```
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Sets the collation used for client-server interaction on connection. In contrast to `charset`, `collation` does not issue additional queries. If the specified collation is unavailable on the target server, the connection will fail.
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A list of valid charsets for a server is retrievable with `SHOW COLLATION`.
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##### `clientFoundRows`
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```
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Type: bool
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Valid Values: true, false
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Default: false
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```
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`clientFoundRows=true` causes an UPDATE to return the number of matching rows instead of the number of rows changed.
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##### `columnsWithAlias`
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```
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Type: bool
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Valid Values: true, false
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Default: false
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```
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When `columnsWithAlias` is true, calls to `sql.Rows.Columns()` will return the table alias and the column name separated by a dot. For example:
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```
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SELECT u.id FROM users as u
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```
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will return `u.id` instead of just `id` if `columnsWithAlias=true`.
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##### `interpolateParams`
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```
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Type: bool
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Valid Values: true, false
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Default: false
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```
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If `interpolateParams` is true, placeholders (`?`) in calls to `db.Query()` and `db.Exec()` are interpolated into a single query string with given parameters. This reduces the number of roundtrips, since the driver has to prepare a statement, execute it with given parameters and close the statement again with `interpolateParams=false`.
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*This can not be used together with the multibyte encodings BIG5, CP932, GB2312, GBK or SJIS. These are blacklisted as they may [introduce a SQL injection vulnerability](http://stackoverflow.com/a/12118602/3430118)!*
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##### `loc`
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```
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Type: string
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Valid Values: <escaped name>
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Default: UTC
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```
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Sets the location for time.Time values (when using `parseTime=true`). *"Local"* sets the system's location. See [time.LoadLocation](http://golang.org/pkg/time/#LoadLocation) for details.
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Note that this sets the location for time.Time values but does not change MySQL's [time_zone setting](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/time-zone-support.html). For that see the [time_zone system variable](#system-variables), which can also be set as a DSN parameter.
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Please keep in mind, that param values must be [url.QueryEscape](http://golang.org/pkg/net/url/#QueryEscape)'ed. Alternatively you can manually replace the `/` with `%2F`. For example `US/Pacific` would be `loc=US%2FPacific`.
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##### `parseTime`
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```
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Type: bool
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Valid Values: true, false
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Default: false
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```
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`parseTime=true` changes the output type of `DATE` and `DATETIME` values to `time.Time` instead of `[]byte` / `string`
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##### `strict`
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```
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Type: bool
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Valid Values: true, false
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Default: false
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```
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`strict=true` enables the strict mode in which MySQL warnings are treated as errors.
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By default MySQL also treats notes as warnings. Use [`sql_notes=false`](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/server-system-variables.html#sysvar_sql_notes) to ignore notes. See the [examples](#examples) for an DSN example.
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##### `timeout`
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```
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Type: decimal number
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Default: OS default
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```
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*Driver* side connection timeout. The value must be a string of decimal numbers, each with optional fraction and a unit suffix ( *"ms"*, *"s"*, *"m"*, *"h"* ), such as *"30s"*, *"0.5m"* or *"1m30s"*. To set a server side timeout, use the parameter [`wait_timeout`](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/server-system-variables.html#sysvar_wait_timeout).
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##### `tls`
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```
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Type: bool / string
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Valid Values: true, false, skip-verify, <name>
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Default: false
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```
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`tls=true` enables TLS / SSL encrypted connection to the server. Use `skip-verify` if you want to use a self-signed or invalid certificate (server side). Use a custom value registered with [`mysql.RegisterTLSConfig`](http://godoc.org/github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql#RegisterTLSConfig).
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##### System Variables
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All other parameters are interpreted as system variables:
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* `autocommit`: `"SET autocommit=<value>"`
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* [`time_zone`](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/time-zone-support.html): `"SET time_zone=<value>"`
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* [`tx_isolation`](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/server-system-variables.html#sysvar_tx_isolation): `"SET tx_isolation=<value>"`
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* `param`: `"SET <param>=<value>"`
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*The values must be [url.QueryEscape](http://golang.org/pkg/net/url/#QueryEscape)'ed!*
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#### Examples
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```
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user@unix(/path/to/socket)/dbname
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```
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```
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root:pw@unix(/tmp/mysql.sock)/myDatabase?loc=Local
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```
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```
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user:password@tcp(localhost:5555)/dbname?tls=skip-verify&autocommit=true
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```
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Use the [strict mode](#strict) but ignore notes:
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```
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user:password@/dbname?strict=true&sql_notes=false
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```
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TCP via IPv6:
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```
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user:password@tcp([de:ad:be:ef::ca:fe]:80)/dbname?timeout=90s&collation=utf8mb4_unicode_ci
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```
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TCP on a remote host, e.g. Amazon RDS:
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```
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id:password@tcp(your-amazonaws-uri.com:3306)/dbname
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```
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Google Cloud SQL on App Engine:
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```
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user@cloudsql(project-id:instance-name)/dbname
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```
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TCP using default port (3306) on localhost:
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```
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user:password@tcp/dbname?charset=utf8mb4,utf8&sys_var=esc%40ped
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```
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Use the default protocol (tcp) and host (localhost:3306):
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```
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user:password@/dbname
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```
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No Database preselected:
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```
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user:password@/
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```
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### `LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE` support
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For this feature you need direct access to the package. Therefore you must change the import path (no `_`):
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```go
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import "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
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```
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Files must be whitelisted by registering them with `mysql.RegisterLocalFile(filepath)` (recommended) or the Whitelist check must be deactivated by using the DSN parameter `allowAllFiles=true` ([*Might be insecure!*](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/load-data-local.html)).
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To use a `io.Reader` a handler function must be registered with `mysql.RegisterReaderHandler(name, handler)` which returns a `io.Reader` or `io.ReadCloser`. The Reader is available with the filepath `Reader::<name>` then. Choose different names for different handlers and `DeregisterReaderHandler` when you don't need it anymore.
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See the [godoc of Go-MySQL-Driver](http://godoc.org/github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql "golang mysql driver documentation") for details.
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### `time.Time` support
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The default internal output type of MySQL `DATE` and `DATETIME` values is `[]byte` which allows you to scan the value into a `[]byte`, `string` or `sql.RawBytes` variable in your programm.
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However, many want to scan MySQL `DATE` and `DATETIME` values into `time.Time` variables, which is the logical opposite in Go to `DATE` and `DATETIME` in MySQL. You can do that by changing the internal output type from `[]byte` to `time.Time` with the DSN parameter `parseTime=true`. You can set the default [`time.Time` location](http://golang.org/pkg/time/#Location) with the `loc` DSN parameter.
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**Caution:** As of Go 1.1, this makes `time.Time` the only variable type you can scan `DATE` and `DATETIME` values into. This breaks for example [`sql.RawBytes` support](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql/wiki/Examples#rawbytes).
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Alternatively you can use the [`NullTime`](http://godoc.org/github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql#NullTime) type as the scan destination, which works with both `time.Time` and `string` / `[]byte`.
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### Unicode support
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Since version 1.1 Go-MySQL-Driver automatically uses the collation `utf8_general_ci` by default.
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Other collations / charsets can be set using the [`collation`](#collation) DSN parameter.
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Version 1.0 of the driver recommended adding `&charset=utf8` (alias for `SET NAMES utf8`) to the DSN to enable proper UTF-8 support. This is not necessary anymore. The [`collation`](#collation) parameter should be preferred to set another collation / charset than the default.
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See http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/charset-unicode.html for more details on MySQL's Unicode support.
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## Testing / Development
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To run the driver tests you may need to adjust the configuration. See the [Testing Wiki-Page](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql/wiki/Testing "Testing") for details.
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Go-MySQL-Driver is not feature-complete yet. Your help is very appreciated.
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If you want to contribute, you can work on an [open issue](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql/issues?state=open) or review a [pull request](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql/pulls).
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See the [Contribution Guidelines](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md) for details.
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---------------------------------------
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## License
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Go-MySQL-Driver is licensed under the [Mozilla Public License Version 2.0](https://raw.github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql/master/LICENSE)
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Mozilla summarizes the license scope as follows:
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> MPL: The copyleft applies to any files containing MPLed code.
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That means:
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* You can **use** the **unchanged** source code both in private and commercially
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* When distributing, you **must publish** the source code of any **changed files** licensed under the MPL 2.0 under a) the MPL 2.0 itself or b) a compatible license (e.g. GPL 3.0 or Apache License 2.0)
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* You **needn't publish** the source code of your library as long as the files licensed under the MPL 2.0 are **unchanged**
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Please read the [MPL 2.0 FAQ](http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/FAQ.html) if you have further questions regarding the license.
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You can read the full terms here: [LICENSE](https://raw.github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql/master/LICENSE)
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